The cultivation of carrot
The carrot (Daucus carota L) is a biennial plant, root, belonging to the botanical family Umbelliferae. It is native to southern Europe. The consumed part is the fleshy root. The vegetable is a high nutritional value; it is rich in vitamin A. In Morocco, the carrot is grown all over the country and throughout the year.
Pedoclimatic preferences:
The plant is cold season. Seed germination The optimum is 18 ° C. The minimum is 7 ° C. The optimum growth of 20- 27 ° C. The color of the roots is the best when the air temperature is 16- 21 ° C. This temperature must be maintained in that order of magnitude 3 weeks before harvest. At a temperature above 30 ° C, the growth of leaves is slowed and roots develop an odor reducing their market value. Freezing tolerance is common in carrot. Culture is not demanding in soil quality. However, a stony soil should be avoided to obtain not forked roots. The ideal soil is a sandy loam. The optimum pH of the soil is of 5.5-7. Too heavy soil resulting from the roots forming hair.
Varieties, tillage, sowing and planting:
The main varieties used in Morocco are improved Nantes, Racelido, Racedalbon, Nandor, and Ivor Favor. The consumer demand for roots vivid orange color, beautiful shape, hairless. This leads to the use of hybrid planting material (example of American varieties: Avenger, Caropak, legend, Navajo, Flame and Neptune). Direct sowing is always ultimately up. Transplantation causes the formation of split roots. The number of seeds per gram of seed is from 500 to 1,000 depending on the variety. For industry, planting is generally more dense than for the fresh market. The land must be plowed deep, cleaned obstacles, then rolled shaped bowls or leveled in irrigated crop, flat rainfed cultivation. Irrigated, seeding is carried out in close rows. Rainfed, planting is paired bands of 0,7- 0,8 m apart. The installation of the culture is throughout the year except in very cold or rainy period (December-January) to avoid bolting (vernalization) and seed production. After sowing, it is advisable to conduct a rolling ground. The need for seed is 6-7 kg / ha. The removal is usually slow (25-30 days in spring cold period; farmers sow radish together in rows distant of about ten cm carrot lines to identify and benefit from the ground for another crop early). The arrangement of plants in the field is 20 cm between rows x 5- 6 cm cuvette in the row; 0.7 m between paired x 20 cm x 5 in twin 6 cm in the row crop rainfed. The planting density is 60,000 to 80,000 plants / ha.
Irrigation:
The soil should be well moistened before planting. After sowing, the supply of water is reduced in order to avoid disease and rotting of seeds. One or two light watering may be given during the exercise period so that it is smooth and accelerated. After emergence, the soil should always be to its field capacity. All water deficit followed by a loss of yield. Water-alternating moisture stress causes cracking of the roots. Some fine movement irrigation promotes good color roots. Too much water, resulting from improper irrigation or poor soil structure (poorly worked) causes trouble coloring and bifurcated roots.
Fertilization:
A basal dressing intake is recommended on poor soil. If manure is available, it is recommended to bring copious amounts (20-40 t / ha). It also provides 80 kg N / ha + 100 kg P2O5 / ha + 250 kgK2O / ha. In coverage, they bring 20 kg N / ha + 40 kg K2O / ha at 4th-5th sheet and 40 kg K2O / ha at early growth of the roots. The plant tolerate boron and responds well to a supply of copper and manganese. Excess nitrogen causes the formation of split roots.
Main enemies of culture and Controls:
Weeds (dodder), aphids, nematodes and miners are the most dangerous enemies of culture. The fight must be preventive and effective. Most nematicides are as effective against weeds. Fungicides and insecticides are not to be used excessively. IPM using insect predators and biological and cultural methods is the best way to avoid disease problems. Carrots should not be planted near a cotton or melon field to prevent aphids movements. Carrot diseases are numerous and may cause the formation of split roots: Pythium, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia and Macrophomina spp. Powdery mildew also attacks cultivation in hot and humid weather. The carrot should not follow alfalfa on the same plot; there is formation of cavities in the roots (carrot cavities); the pathogen responsible for this problem is the Pithium violea. Preventive fungicide treatments are required to prevent this disease. Good soil preparation, removing excess water and promoting soil aeration, is causing a healthy culture, reducing the risks of bacterial blight (Erwinia carotovora), Sclorotium rolfsii, Alternaria etc ... . The seed of healthy choices is also imperative. Crop rotation must be respected; carrot should not go back on the same plot before five years to avoid alternaria and nematodes. The fight against aphids reduces the risk of viral diseases.
Harvesting and handling product and good storage conditions:
The harvest is done as and sales. These are either presenting the roots form mounds, provided with their aerial part or in bulk, without foliage. During the journey of the product to the market, we must be careful not to damage the roots by injuries. The national average yield is 20 t / ha. Carrot roots store well in the soil for a period of less than a month. They also remain in cold storage at 0 ° C and 99% RH after washing in a solution at 100 ppm chloride (to pH 6.5-7.5) and cooling. Carrots harvested in sandy soil do not require cleaning or removal of foliage before their conservation. Just shake them to remove the soil that adheres to the roots and shake them in thin plastic. Conservation in these conditions can last 6-7 months. The local conservation must not contain apples or pears or products that generate ethylene; it causes the bitter taste of carrots.
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
The carrot (Daucus carota L) is a biennial plant, root, belonging to the botanical family Umbelliferae. It is native to southern Europe. The consumed part is the fleshy root. The vegetable is a high nutritional value; it is rich in vitamin A. In Morocco, the carrot is grown all over the country and throughout the year.
Pedoclimatic preferences:
The plant is cold season. Seed germination The optimum is 18 ° C. The minimum is 7 ° C. The optimum growth of 20- 27 ° C. The color of the roots is the best when the air temperature is 16- 21 ° C. This temperature must be maintained in that order of magnitude 3 weeks before harvest. At a temperature above 30 ° C, the growth of leaves is slowed and roots develop an odor reducing their market value. Freezing tolerance is common in carrot. Culture is not demanding in soil quality. However, a stony soil should be avoided to obtain not forked roots. The ideal soil is a sandy loam. The optimum pH of the soil is of 5.5-7. Too heavy soil resulting from the roots forming hair.
Varieties, tillage, sowing and planting:
The main varieties used in Morocco are improved Nantes, Racelido, Racedalbon, Nandor, and Ivor Favor. The consumer demand for roots vivid orange color, beautiful shape, hairless. This leads to the use of hybrid planting material (example of American varieties: Avenger, Caropak, legend, Navajo, Flame and Neptune). Direct sowing is always ultimately up. Transplantation causes the formation of split roots. The number of seeds per gram of seed is from 500 to 1,000 depending on the variety. For industry, planting is generally more dense than for the fresh market. The land must be plowed deep, cleaned obstacles, then rolled shaped bowls or leveled in irrigated crop, flat rainfed cultivation. Irrigated, seeding is carried out in close rows. Rainfed, planting is paired bands of 0,7- 0,8 m apart. The installation of the culture is throughout the year except in very cold or rainy period (December-January) to avoid bolting (vernalization) and seed production. After sowing, it is advisable to conduct a rolling ground. The need for seed is 6-7 kg / ha. The removal is usually slow (25-30 days in spring cold period; farmers sow radish together in rows distant of about ten cm carrot lines to identify and benefit from the ground for another crop early). The arrangement of plants in the field is 20 cm between rows x 5- 6 cm cuvette in the row; 0.7 m between paired x 20 cm x 5 in twin 6 cm in the row crop rainfed. The planting density is 60,000 to 80,000 plants / ha.
Irrigation:
The soil should be well moistened before planting. After sowing, the supply of water is reduced in order to avoid disease and rotting of seeds. One or two light watering may be given during the exercise period so that it is smooth and accelerated. After emergence, the soil should always be to its field capacity. All water deficit followed by a loss of yield. Water-alternating moisture stress causes cracking of the roots. Some fine movement irrigation promotes good color roots. Too much water, resulting from improper irrigation or poor soil structure (poorly worked) causes trouble coloring and bifurcated roots.
Fertilization:
A basal dressing intake is recommended on poor soil. If manure is available, it is recommended to bring copious amounts (20-40 t / ha). It also provides 80 kg N / ha + 100 kg P2O5 / ha + 250 kgK2O / ha. In coverage, they bring 20 kg N / ha + 40 kg K2O / ha at 4th-5th sheet and 40 kg K2O / ha at early growth of the roots. The plant tolerate boron and responds well to a supply of copper and manganese. Excess nitrogen causes the formation of split roots.
Main enemies of culture and Controls:
Weeds (dodder), aphids, nematodes and miners are the most dangerous enemies of culture. The fight must be preventive and effective. Most nematicides are as effective against weeds. Fungicides and insecticides are not to be used excessively. IPM using insect predators and biological and cultural methods is the best way to avoid disease problems. Carrots should not be planted near a cotton or melon field to prevent aphids movements. Carrot diseases are numerous and may cause the formation of split roots: Pythium, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia and Macrophomina spp. Powdery mildew also attacks cultivation in hot and humid weather. The carrot should not follow alfalfa on the same plot; there is formation of cavities in the roots (carrot cavities); the pathogen responsible for this problem is the Pithium violea. Preventive fungicide treatments are required to prevent this disease. Good soil preparation, removing excess water and promoting soil aeration, is causing a healthy culture, reducing the risks of bacterial blight (Erwinia carotovora), Sclorotium rolfsii, Alternaria etc ... . The seed of healthy choices is also imperative. Crop rotation must be respected; carrot should not go back on the same plot before five years to avoid alternaria and nematodes. The fight against aphids reduces the risk of viral diseases.
Harvesting and handling product and good storage conditions:
The harvest is done as and sales. These are either presenting the roots form mounds, provided with their aerial part or in bulk, without foliage. During the journey of the product to the market, we must be careful not to damage the roots by injuries. The national average yield is 20 t / ha. Carrot roots store well in the soil for a period of less than a month. They also remain in cold storage at 0 ° C and 99% RH after washing in a solution at 100 ppm chloride (to pH 6.5-7.5) and cooling. Carrots harvested in sandy soil do not require cleaning or removal of foliage before their conservation. Just shake them to remove the soil that adheres to the roots and shake them in thin plastic. Conservation in these conditions can last 6-7 months. The local conservation must not contain apples or pears or products that generate ethylene; it causes the bitter taste of carrots.
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
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