Cucumber
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) belongs to the botanical family Cucurbitaceae. It is an annual climbing plant native to India. The consumed part is the fruit before maturity. The male flowers female flowers are separate but carried by a single foot. The plant is called monoecious. Some varieties are gynoecious (only female flowers) or parthenocarpic (not requiring pollination). For conventional varieties (monoecious), the pollinated by insects. The vegetable is of low nutritional value; it is refreshing and laxative, poor in vitamins and nutrients. In Morocco, the main production regions are the Souss Massa, Doukkala, Sais and Gharb.
Pedoclimatic preferences:
The optimum root growth is 22- 25 ° C. A minimum of 12 ° C is required for root development. The optimum vegetative growth of 20- 22 ° C day and 17- 18 ° C at night. In times of production, cultivation requires 20- 25 ° C day and 17- 20 ° C at night. The soil requirements are not large. The optimum pH of the soil is 5.5 to 6.8. The soil should not be asphyxiating nor too fresh in the spring. It is recommended to avoid poor soils, too heavy or compacted. Too cold ground causes the melting of seedlings.
Varieties, seeding, tillage and planting:
The main varieties used in Morocco are Poinsett, Admiral, Prestige, Ardo, Corona, Flamingo, Pepinex 69 Pepinova, Santo, Sweet Slice, Sweet Success Poinsett ... The variety is very rustic and not expensive; she seems to be adapted to the Tadla. On the market, different varieties are available: Flamingo and Optima tolerate mildew; Corona, Sandra and Fidelio tolerate mildew. The spread is sexual; Direct sowing can be done by planting holes or nursery (precision seeding). The same treatment described for the nursery of tomato under protected remain valid for the cucumber. The protection against rats and mice should be more pronounced for cucurbits. The number of seeds per gram of seed is 35-50 depending on the variety. Regarding schedules seeding in the growing season and late season, seeding is performed, in general, directly in pockets of 2-3 seeds in the field, from March until June: 10 cm deep holes are made ,. filling the well-rotted manure, soil and manure are mixed and placed 2-3 seeds per hole. After lifting it clears 2 seedlings per hole. For cold and fissurants soil is opened trenches 20 cm x 10 cm depth and the buried manure mixed with potting soil (40-50 tons / ha). In the nursery, planting can take place in November-December in the case of tunnel use of Nantes (premiering culture). The arrangement of plants in the field is as follows: in the field as in Nantes tunnels, lines are twinned (1.5 to 2 m × 0.3 m between twin in the twin 0.4 m in the row this gives a density of 12,000 to 16,000 feet / ha).
Irrigation:
The soil should always be to its field capacity. The growing water requirements are around 500 mm for rear crop season (80 t / ha yield in Nantes tunnels and 40-50 tons / ha in the open field under favorable conditions). Less water is needed in the field in rainy period: 300- 350 mm (vegetation in April-May). In times floral post, do not expose the crop to rain or sprinkler (sprinkler or pivot); culture will be quickly destroyed by fungal diseases. The best irrigation system is drip-drip. The irrigation management should be performed by lysimeters installed on the parcel, the class A pan or tensiometry.
Fertilization:
When making planting holes, it is recommended to bury the basal dressing, namely 50 t / ha manure (if available) + 120 kg N / ha + 100 kg P2O5 / ha + 200 kg K2O / ha. In coverage, they bring 30 kg N / ha + 20 kg P2O / ha + 50 kg K2O / ha in vegetation and after each week of picking. We also recommend bringing 3-4 T / ha of manure cover in early spring flowering stage. Cucumber tunnel in Nantes (premiere) seems to be promising in the Tadla region. When the soil is too cold, it is advisable to double or even triple the dose of P. A soil test is often necessary to determine the fertilization plan accurately. Indeed, when the P content of the soil is less than 15 ppm, provides 150 kg P / ha; if content of between 15 and 60 ppm, provides 100 kg P / ha; if content exceeding 60 ppm, they bring 50 kg P / ha. Potassium contributions can also be adjusted by the soil test: between 0 and 75 ppm, the contribution is of 150 kg K / ha; between 75 and 150 ppm, provides 100 kg K / ha; between 150 and 200 ppm, the contribution is 50 kg K / ha; exceeding 200 ppm K in the soil, the supply is unnecessary.
Care, main enemies of culture and Controls:
Size is practiced in Nantes tunnel (topping the main stem and leaf 3rd stage 3rd blindness of leaves twigs). In the field, plants are not pruned. It is advisable to 2-3 and 2-3 hoeing buttages to strengthen the root system. Plastic mulching is often used in greenhouses shelter (since it can be enhanced by the strong performance). In the field, it is not advisable to use it since it is difficult to value it. The main enemies of culture are the nuile, powdery mildew, spider mites, aphids, thrips, wireworms and cutworms. It is advisable to treat against these enemies a preventive manner. In the Tadla region, the climate does not allow the development of most fungal diseases. The treatments are generally limited to insecticides and miticides. Particular attention should be given to virus (eliminating virus-infected plants).
Harvest, conditions for good conservation and product handling:
Harvesting is done using the shears so as not to damage the plants. The fruit should be thrown into picking bags, but stored in boxes. The best harvest stage is the stage tender fruit; it is recommended to transport the production to its destination quickly for immediate sale in order to safeguard product quality. The national average yield is 17-20 t / ha in the open field; it exceeds 90-100 t / ha under greenhouses or high tunnels. Under Nantes tunnels, the yield is intermediate. The storage is done at 10 to 12 ° C and 90-95% RH in a ventilated area. This storage should not exceed 1-2 days, or product quality may be deteriorated. The product must be sold on the fresh market. At a temperature exceeding 12 ° C, the green fruit tends to yellowing. It is recommended not to keep the cucumber on the same premises as tomato, potato or other fruit or vegetable that produces ethylene.
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
Pedoclimatic preferences:
The optimum root growth is 22- 25 ° C. A minimum of 12 ° C is required for root development. The optimum vegetative growth of 20- 22 ° C day and 17- 18 ° C at night. In times of production, cultivation requires 20- 25 ° C day and 17- 20 ° C at night. The soil requirements are not large. The optimum pH of the soil is 5.5 to 6.8. The soil should not be asphyxiating nor too fresh in the spring. It is recommended to avoid poor soils, too heavy or compacted. Too cold ground causes the melting of seedlings.
Varieties, seeding, tillage and planting:
The main varieties used in Morocco are Poinsett, Admiral, Prestige, Ardo, Corona, Flamingo, Pepinex 69 Pepinova, Santo, Sweet Slice, Sweet Success Poinsett ... The variety is very rustic and not expensive; she seems to be adapted to the Tadla. On the market, different varieties are available: Flamingo and Optima tolerate mildew; Corona, Sandra and Fidelio tolerate mildew. The spread is sexual; Direct sowing can be done by planting holes or nursery (precision seeding). The same treatment described for the nursery of tomato under protected remain valid for the cucumber. The protection against rats and mice should be more pronounced for cucurbits. The number of seeds per gram of seed is 35-50 depending on the variety. Regarding schedules seeding in the growing season and late season, seeding is performed, in general, directly in pockets of 2-3 seeds in the field, from March until June: 10 cm deep holes are made ,. filling the well-rotted manure, soil and manure are mixed and placed 2-3 seeds per hole. After lifting it clears 2 seedlings per hole. For cold and fissurants soil is opened trenches 20 cm x 10 cm depth and the buried manure mixed with potting soil (40-50 tons / ha). In the nursery, planting can take place in November-December in the case of tunnel use of Nantes (premiering culture). The arrangement of plants in the field is as follows: in the field as in Nantes tunnels, lines are twinned (1.5 to 2 m × 0.3 m between twin in the twin 0.4 m in the row this gives a density of 12,000 to 16,000 feet / ha).
Irrigation:
The soil should always be to its field capacity. The growing water requirements are around 500 mm for rear crop season (80 t / ha yield in Nantes tunnels and 40-50 tons / ha in the open field under favorable conditions). Less water is needed in the field in rainy period: 300- 350 mm (vegetation in April-May). In times floral post, do not expose the crop to rain or sprinkler (sprinkler or pivot); culture will be quickly destroyed by fungal diseases. The best irrigation system is drip-drip. The irrigation management should be performed by lysimeters installed on the parcel, the class A pan or tensiometry.
Fertilization:
When making planting holes, it is recommended to bury the basal dressing, namely 50 t / ha manure (if available) + 120 kg N / ha + 100 kg P2O5 / ha + 200 kg K2O / ha. In coverage, they bring 30 kg N / ha + 20 kg P2O / ha + 50 kg K2O / ha in vegetation and after each week of picking. We also recommend bringing 3-4 T / ha of manure cover in early spring flowering stage. Cucumber tunnel in Nantes (premiere) seems to be promising in the Tadla region. When the soil is too cold, it is advisable to double or even triple the dose of P. A soil test is often necessary to determine the fertilization plan accurately. Indeed, when the P content of the soil is less than 15 ppm, provides 150 kg P / ha; if content of between 15 and 60 ppm, provides 100 kg P / ha; if content exceeding 60 ppm, they bring 50 kg P / ha. Potassium contributions can also be adjusted by the soil test: between 0 and 75 ppm, the contribution is of 150 kg K / ha; between 75 and 150 ppm, provides 100 kg K / ha; between 150 and 200 ppm, the contribution is 50 kg K / ha; exceeding 200 ppm K in the soil, the supply is unnecessary.
Care, main enemies of culture and Controls:
Size is practiced in Nantes tunnel (topping the main stem and leaf 3rd stage 3rd blindness of leaves twigs). In the field, plants are not pruned. It is advisable to 2-3 and 2-3 hoeing buttages to strengthen the root system. Plastic mulching is often used in greenhouses shelter (since it can be enhanced by the strong performance). In the field, it is not advisable to use it since it is difficult to value it. The main enemies of culture are the nuile, powdery mildew, spider mites, aphids, thrips, wireworms and cutworms. It is advisable to treat against these enemies a preventive manner. In the Tadla region, the climate does not allow the development of most fungal diseases. The treatments are generally limited to insecticides and miticides. Particular attention should be given to virus (eliminating virus-infected plants).
Harvest, conditions for good conservation and product handling:
Harvesting is done using the shears so as not to damage the plants. The fruit should be thrown into picking bags, but stored in boxes. The best harvest stage is the stage tender fruit; it is recommended to transport the production to its destination quickly for immediate sale in order to safeguard product quality. The national average yield is 17-20 t / ha in the open field; it exceeds 90-100 t / ha under greenhouses or high tunnels. Under Nantes tunnels, the yield is intermediate. The storage is done at 10 to 12 ° C and 90-95% RH in a ventilated area. This storage should not exceed 1-2 days, or product quality may be deteriorated. The product must be sold on the fresh market. At a temperature exceeding 12 ° C, the green fruit tends to yellowing. It is recommended not to keep the cucumber on the same premises as tomato, potato or other fruit or vegetable that produces ethylene.
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
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