T he growing garlic
Garlic (Allium stivum L) is a biennial plant, native to Asia and the Mediterranean It belongs to the botanical family of Alliaceae. The consumed part is made up of the bulb cloves. The vegetable is nutritious and used in traditional medicine against diarrhea, digestive ailments, high blood pressure and against a number of toxins and venoms whose venom of scorpions and certain snake species. It is rich in vitamins and minerals. In Morocco, the main production regions are Taounate, Sais, coastal and mountainous areas.
Pedoclimatic preferences:
The plant is cold season. It has low temperature requirements. It is frost resistant and has a high ability rooting in cold harsh conditions (1- 2 ° C) and drought (the bulbs germinate even at close enough soil moistures the yield point). The optimum temperature for germination of the bulbs is 15 ° C. The seed should not be used if the place of their preservation is very hot (25- 35 ° C) or mild temperature (15- 18 ° C). The cloves become empty and lose their biomass; they can not germinate. The optimum for growth is 18-22 ° C. Bulbing requires long days (exceeding the critical photoperiod variéale); it is then necessary to be careful to not import varieties whose critical photoperiod is long (Northern Europe or Canada) since in Morocco, it is impossible to have a day of length greater than 12-13 hours winter. The plants thus form that vegetative biomass but Jamis bulb! Requirements are low soil; Culture prefers sandy soil, well enriched with organic and mineral fertilizers. Avoid too heavy poorly drained soils; culture fears the permanent asphyxiation. The optimum pH of the soil is of 6 to 6.8.
Varieties, tillage and seeding:
The main varieties used in Morocco are of two types: Allium Allium vulgare and sagitatum Kunz Kunz. The first type gives a flower spike in May-June and seeds (varieties examples: Roja, German, Red, Valencia). The flower spike should be removed from its appearance to avoid a drop in yield; the second type is used for the production of bulbs without the risk of bolting (varieties examples: early California, California late) The elephant garlic is not really garlic but a giant leek whose taste resembles the garlic with less flavor. The propagation is asexual. Propagation is exclusively by direct planting definitive establishment of cloves. It is best to choose the bulbs of the periphery to the center since they are small in force and give stunted seedlings. Planting date for a crop harvested in the spring (on the coast) is from October to November (unsuitable dates for the Tadla). For a culture harvested in late summer-autumn planting is done from December to January (dates tailored to the Tadla region). The arrangement of plants in the field is between 50- 60 cm cuvettes 1- 1.2 m, with 4 lines per bowl. The need for seed is de700-1000 kg / ha. Is planted at the bottom of irrigation furrows to benefit from soil moisture in case of rainfed cultivation. Even for an irrigated crop, is planted at the bottom of gravity irrigation furrows; The cloves must be oriented point upwards. The land should be well prepared, with 1-2 deep plowing, a harrowing and roll to slightly pack the soil before planting and planting nearly flat bowls.
Irrigation:
The vegetative phase is sensitive to water stress. The bulbs of the growing phase is less sensitive to water deficit. More water needs of the crop are met, the higher the yield is better. Two to three hoeing-weeding are necessary as well as regular watering along the crop cycle. We must stop irrigation one to two months before harvest to ressuyer bulbs.
Fertilization:
The basal dressing consists of 20-30 t / ha manure + 40 kg N + 150 kg P2O5 + 100 kg K2O / ha. This coverage includes 20 kg N + 20 kg + 40 kg P2O5 K2O / ha by contribution x 2 inputs. Stages fertilizer application are second to third leaf stage and one month later.
Main enemies of culture and Controls:
The main enemies of culture are weeds (we can apply a pre-emergent herbicide), insects, fungal diseases ... (see onion).
Harvesting and product handling:
The harvest begins at the stage softening and yellowing leaves. We must let the bulbs on the field after uprooting of plants (the soak) so they lose the excess water they contain. The national average yield is 12-15 t / ha for spring crops; 4-5 t / ha for autumn crops (used as seed) and 8-10 t / ha for growing season.
Terms of good conservation:
The best storage conditions are a ventilated, dry (60-70% RH) and a temperature of 0- 6 ° C (never between 7 and 18 ° C). Varieties that are preserved are the red or yellow garlic, the bulbs are harvested in summer, fully ripe and well ressayés. The white garlic is not conserved (spring harvest).
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
Garlic (Allium stivum L) is a biennial plant, native to Asia and the Mediterranean It belongs to the botanical family of Alliaceae. The consumed part is made up of the bulb cloves. The vegetable is nutritious and used in traditional medicine against diarrhea, digestive ailments, high blood pressure and against a number of toxins and venoms whose venom of scorpions and certain snake species. It is rich in vitamins and minerals. In Morocco, the main production regions are Taounate, Sais, coastal and mountainous areas.
Pedoclimatic preferences:
The plant is cold season. It has low temperature requirements. It is frost resistant and has a high ability rooting in cold harsh conditions (1- 2 ° C) and drought (the bulbs germinate even at close enough soil moistures the yield point). The optimum temperature for germination of the bulbs is 15 ° C. The seed should not be used if the place of their preservation is very hot (25- 35 ° C) or mild temperature (15- 18 ° C). The cloves become empty and lose their biomass; they can not germinate. The optimum for growth is 18-22 ° C. Bulbing requires long days (exceeding the critical photoperiod variéale); it is then necessary to be careful to not import varieties whose critical photoperiod is long (Northern Europe or Canada) since in Morocco, it is impossible to have a day of length greater than 12-13 hours winter. The plants thus form that vegetative biomass but Jamis bulb! Requirements are low soil; Culture prefers sandy soil, well enriched with organic and mineral fertilizers. Avoid too heavy poorly drained soils; culture fears the permanent asphyxiation. The optimum pH of the soil is of 6 to 6.8.
Varieties, tillage and seeding:
The main varieties used in Morocco are of two types: Allium Allium vulgare and sagitatum Kunz Kunz. The first type gives a flower spike in May-June and seeds (varieties examples: Roja, German, Red, Valencia). The flower spike should be removed from its appearance to avoid a drop in yield; the second type is used for the production of bulbs without the risk of bolting (varieties examples: early California, California late) The elephant garlic is not really garlic but a giant leek whose taste resembles the garlic with less flavor. The propagation is asexual. Propagation is exclusively by direct planting definitive establishment of cloves. It is best to choose the bulbs of the periphery to the center since they are small in force and give stunted seedlings. Planting date for a crop harvested in the spring (on the coast) is from October to November (unsuitable dates for the Tadla). For a culture harvested in late summer-autumn planting is done from December to January (dates tailored to the Tadla region). The arrangement of plants in the field is between 50- 60 cm cuvettes 1- 1.2 m, with 4 lines per bowl. The need for seed is de700-1000 kg / ha. Is planted at the bottom of irrigation furrows to benefit from soil moisture in case of rainfed cultivation. Even for an irrigated crop, is planted at the bottom of gravity irrigation furrows; The cloves must be oriented point upwards. The land should be well prepared, with 1-2 deep plowing, a harrowing and roll to slightly pack the soil before planting and planting nearly flat bowls.
Irrigation:
The vegetative phase is sensitive to water stress. The bulbs of the growing phase is less sensitive to water deficit. More water needs of the crop are met, the higher the yield is better. Two to three hoeing-weeding are necessary as well as regular watering along the crop cycle. We must stop irrigation one to two months before harvest to ressuyer bulbs.
Fertilization:
The basal dressing consists of 20-30 t / ha manure + 40 kg N + 150 kg P2O5 + 100 kg K2O / ha. This coverage includes 20 kg N + 20 kg + 40 kg P2O5 K2O / ha by contribution x 2 inputs. Stages fertilizer application are second to third leaf stage and one month later.
Main enemies of culture and Controls:
The main enemies of culture are weeds (we can apply a pre-emergent herbicide), insects, fungal diseases ... (see onion).
Harvesting and product handling:
The harvest begins at the stage softening and yellowing leaves. We must let the bulbs on the field after uprooting of plants (the soak) so they lose the excess water they contain. The national average yield is 12-15 t / ha for spring crops; 4-5 t / ha for autumn crops (used as seed) and 8-10 t / ha for growing season.
Terms of good conservation:
The best storage conditions are a ventilated, dry (60-70% RH) and a temperature of 0- 6 ° C (never between 7 and 18 ° C). Varieties that are preserved are the red or yellow garlic, the bulbs are harvested in summer, fully ripe and well ressayés. The white garlic is not conserved (spring harvest).
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
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