Industrial tomato crop
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) is an annual plant, originally from Peru. It belongs to the botanical family Solanaceae. The fruit has excellent flavor and nutritional value (5% sugar, 1.5% protein, 0.5% organic acids, minerals K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, P, S and Cl; Vitamins B1, B2; C and carotenes). Tomato plays a role in the functioning of the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. In Morocco, industrial tomatoes is produced in the scope Loukkos, first, and in different parts of Sais, Haouz ...
Soil and climatic requirements:
It has the same requirements as tomato under cover (warm-season plant, the optimum growth is around 21- 24 ° C minimum temperature of soil 15 ° C, optimum pH of 6.8 ground).
Varieties, sowing, planting and soil work:
The varieties used in Morocco are part of two major tomato groups, indeterminate or determinate growth. Indeterminate varieties are the most used (examples: Saint Peter red Casaque; Marglobe; Montfavet; Monymaker). Determinate growth varieties are also used (eg Heinz; Roma; Homestead). US exclusively use hybrid varieties (obtained in 1995), examples: Hally, Heinz 8892, Brigade, Heinz 3044, Heinz 9280. Multiplication is sexual; it is done by plants (the nursery is in common use, in the Loukkos nursery exceeds 500 ha for a plantation of 5.000- 6.000 hectares of industrial tomatoes). Sometimes direct seeding is done; it succeeds only if precautions are taken (weeding, replacement of missing, thinning, good seedbed preparation ... etc). The seeding rate is 1-3 kg / ha for direct sowing and 80-100 g / ha for a nursery seedlings. There are 250-500 seeds / gram of seed. The official minimum seed germination is 75%. The stage of transplanting is ultimately up 6-7 sheets (after 30-40 days in the nursery according to prevailing heat conditions). Soil preparation, seed rate, the care given to the nursery and planting operations are identical to those used in protected tomato. The arrangement of the different plants for industrial tomatoes, depending on the growth of the variety; for the indeterminate growth, allowed 1 m between the twin 0.7 m between rows in the combined and 0.4 m between plants in the row; for determinate growth, allowed 0,7- 0,8 m between twin 0.5 m between rows and 0.3 m between plants in the row. The planting date is May-June, in general.
Irrigation and tending:
It is necessary that soil moisture is at 80% (ground to its field capacity). Irrigation should be carried out regularly (at least once a week for an average soil and more frequently for a sandy soil). The care given to culture are replacing missing for direct sowing, weeding, hoeing and buttages before full bloom. Floral post period, do not disturb the plant (no size or trellising or staking).
Fertilization:
The tomato is a voracious plant. As basal dressing, they bring 30-40 t / ha manure + 50 kg / ha of N + 120 kg / ha + 120 kg P2O5 / ha of K2O. On the cover, it provides 40 kg / ha of N + 60 kg / ha of P2O5 + 30 kg / ha of K2O in mid-growth and 30 kg / ha of N + 40 kg / ha of K2O in the appearance of the first bouquet and maturity.
Crop protection:
When using the spray, fungal diseases are dangerous, particularly mildew. If the gravity or drip irrigation system (drip irrigation), the problem is less. We must conduct a preventive control if the success of culture is risky. We must note the following enemies: aphids, leaf miner, cutworms and toward white, nematodes, bacterial blight, powdery mildew, virus diseases and physiological disorders (blossom end rot, bursting fruit, sunburn ...).
Harvest and storage:
Harvesting takes place when the fruits become ripe (red). Generally, Morocco, 3-4 passages are made, spaced 4-7 days between them. The picking period lasts while nearly a month. We must therefore choose varieties grouped maturity. In other countries, the harvest is unique; it is done by a harvesting machine destroying the plants. There is no sorting or packing. The product is quickly sent to the processing plant (canning for setting boxes, juice ...). Drying units use the product to convert it into dry powder resembling the paprika. It is then treated with large drying before packing and shipping it abroad.
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) is an annual plant, originally from Peru. It belongs to the botanical family Solanaceae. The fruit has excellent flavor and nutritional value (5% sugar, 1.5% protein, 0.5% organic acids, minerals K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, P, S and Cl; Vitamins B1, B2; C and carotenes). Tomato plays a role in the functioning of the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. In Morocco, industrial tomatoes is produced in the scope Loukkos, first, and in different parts of Sais, Haouz ...
Soil and climatic requirements:
It has the same requirements as tomato under cover (warm-season plant, the optimum growth is around 21- 24 ° C minimum temperature of soil 15 ° C, optimum pH of 6.8 ground).
Varieties, sowing, planting and soil work:
The varieties used in Morocco are part of two major tomato groups, indeterminate or determinate growth. Indeterminate varieties are the most used (examples: Saint Peter red Casaque; Marglobe; Montfavet; Monymaker). Determinate growth varieties are also used (eg Heinz; Roma; Homestead). US exclusively use hybrid varieties (obtained in 1995), examples: Hally, Heinz 8892, Brigade, Heinz 3044, Heinz 9280. Multiplication is sexual; it is done by plants (the nursery is in common use, in the Loukkos nursery exceeds 500 ha for a plantation of 5.000- 6.000 hectares of industrial tomatoes). Sometimes direct seeding is done; it succeeds only if precautions are taken (weeding, replacement of missing, thinning, good seedbed preparation ... etc). The seeding rate is 1-3 kg / ha for direct sowing and 80-100 g / ha for a nursery seedlings. There are 250-500 seeds / gram of seed. The official minimum seed germination is 75%. The stage of transplanting is ultimately up 6-7 sheets (after 30-40 days in the nursery according to prevailing heat conditions). Soil preparation, seed rate, the care given to the nursery and planting operations are identical to those used in protected tomato. The arrangement of the different plants for industrial tomatoes, depending on the growth of the variety; for the indeterminate growth, allowed 1 m between the twin 0.7 m between rows in the combined and 0.4 m between plants in the row; for determinate growth, allowed 0,7- 0,8 m between twin 0.5 m between rows and 0.3 m between plants in the row. The planting date is May-June, in general.
Irrigation and tending:
It is necessary that soil moisture is at 80% (ground to its field capacity). Irrigation should be carried out regularly (at least once a week for an average soil and more frequently for a sandy soil). The care given to culture are replacing missing for direct sowing, weeding, hoeing and buttages before full bloom. Floral post period, do not disturb the plant (no size or trellising or staking).
Fertilization:
The tomato is a voracious plant. As basal dressing, they bring 30-40 t / ha manure + 50 kg / ha of N + 120 kg / ha + 120 kg P2O5 / ha of K2O. On the cover, it provides 40 kg / ha of N + 60 kg / ha of P2O5 + 30 kg / ha of K2O in mid-growth and 30 kg / ha of N + 40 kg / ha of K2O in the appearance of the first bouquet and maturity.
Crop protection:
When using the spray, fungal diseases are dangerous, particularly mildew. If the gravity or drip irrigation system (drip irrigation), the problem is less. We must conduct a preventive control if the success of culture is risky. We must note the following enemies: aphids, leaf miner, cutworms and toward white, nematodes, bacterial blight, powdery mildew, virus diseases and physiological disorders (blossom end rot, bursting fruit, sunburn ...).
Harvest and storage:
Harvesting takes place when the fruits become ripe (red). Generally, Morocco, 3-4 passages are made, spaced 4-7 days between them. The picking period lasts while nearly a month. We must therefore choose varieties grouped maturity. In other countries, the harvest is unique; it is done by a harvesting machine destroying the plants. There is no sorting or packing. The product is quickly sent to the processing plant (canning for setting boxes, juice ...). Drying units use the product to convert it into dry powder resembling the paprika. It is then treated with large drying before packing and shipping it abroad.
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
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