The culture of Niora
The Niora (Capsicum annuum) is an annual plant; it is a pepper that belongs to the botanical family Solanaceae. It is native to South America. The fruit is the basis of a powdered food coloring used as a condiment in popular Moroccan cuisine. This is the paprika. The culture of this species has been very successful in the perimeter of TADLA where the area reached a maximum of around 7000 ha in 1991. Currently, this area has much regressed and is around 2,000 ha in 1997. Other Moroccan production regions Loukkos, Taounate and Berkane.
Soil and climatic requirements:
The chili is a very demanding plant in heat. Maximum temperatures of 30 ° C are favorable. It is also demanding in thermopériodisme: a temperature difference of about 10 ° C between the day and night is required for the last flower and fruit. Hence the interest of the continental climate offered by the interior plains of the country. However, the flowers are very sensitive to sag caused by hot winds and low humidity. The vegetation zero is about 10 ° C and the reduction in growth is sensitive from 15 ° C. The culture of Niora can be practiced on a wide range of soil types. Obviously permeable soils, deep and rich in humus are preferable. The plant is sensitive to salinity.
Varieties, planting and soil work:
Three varieties are used: 'Bola Roja', 'Bola chata' and 'larga'. In the case of an industrial culture, there is the market introduction of two varieties 'Lukus 1' and '2 Lukus' by Compagnie Industrielle Loukkos (CIL). It is the red variety (Lukus 1) who has had the most success. Tillage always begins with deep plowing by the plow disk or moldboard plow. A cover-cropage follows this with 2-3 passages for a superficial work. The BBM lets you draw furrows (for furrow irrigation) and the ridges (for planting). The plants are still from the nursery. These are bowls 2m 2 each, arranged at the edge of the plot. There are 30 m 2 nursery to plant 1 ha. Established in February, breeding nursery lasts 60-70 days. Planting takes place in late April-early May The plants will then have formed 6-8 leaves and about 15 cm high. Adopted spacings are on the order of 60 to 80 cm between rows and 20 to 30 cm between plants. The resulting density ranges from 50 000 to 80 000 plants / ha. High densities are used in sandy soils.
Irrigation:
The conduct of Niora dry is impossible and the use of irrigation is imperative. It is customary to Tadla the planting operation is performed in the presence of an irrigation doses often exceeding 100 mm. On the other hand, most of the crop cycle coincides with the summer, when the water supply in gravity, are the average frequency of 1 times a week. The total water depth is around 1000 mm made. In research on pepper, best yields are obtained when the pressure of water in the soil is kept constant in the range 20-30 cbars.
Fertilization:
When manure is available, intake of 20-40 tonnes / ha is profitable culture. The majority of farmers Tadla brings 14.28.14 fertilizer as background fertilizers, spreading during shallow cultivation, depending on the dose of 200-500 kg / ha, or 28-70 units N, P 56-140 units 2 O 5, 28-70 K 2 O. Cover fertilizer units, it almost always involves either urea (46% / N) or ammonium nitrate (33% N). The frequency of inputs is 2 to 4 times, at doses from January to May quintals / ha for ammonium nitrate and 1-6 quintals / ha for urea.
Crop protection:
Weeds are the first problem the farmer has to face. Hand weeding is the rule. Crown rot caused by Phytophthora capsiciest a serious fungal disease. Mildew is also to fear. Pests such as aphids and cutworms are showing up in the middle of spring. The damage caused by shellfish can be spectacular. Faced with these problems, a range of crop protection products is available (insecticides and fungicides).
Harvesting, processing and packaging:
The harvest is spread out between September and November. The final shape of the fruit did not matter much but it is the dry matter content prevails. Average yields vary from 2 to 5 tons of dry matter per hectare. The interval between two crops is 15 to 20 days. The sale of the production takes place either on foot or on dry land in front, either directly to the dehydration unit (the moisture content in fruits is reduced from 85% to 7%). The processing circuit consists of a pre-drying in the sun, then crushing and separation of seeds from the flesh, followed by grinding and, finally, a last for drying chili is finally ground. The packaging is done either in plastic bags or in cans. The final quality of ground spice depends thereof coloring power. It is often expressed in ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) according to the following standards:
The Niora (Capsicum annuum) is an annual plant; it is a pepper that belongs to the botanical family Solanaceae. It is native to South America. The fruit is the basis of a powdered food coloring used as a condiment in popular Moroccan cuisine. This is the paprika. The culture of this species has been very successful in the perimeter of TADLA where the area reached a maximum of around 7000 ha in 1991. Currently, this area has much regressed and is around 2,000 ha in 1997. Other Moroccan production regions Loukkos, Taounate and Berkane.
Soil and climatic requirements:
The chili is a very demanding plant in heat. Maximum temperatures of 30 ° C are favorable. It is also demanding in thermopériodisme: a temperature difference of about 10 ° C between the day and night is required for the last flower and fruit. Hence the interest of the continental climate offered by the interior plains of the country. However, the flowers are very sensitive to sag caused by hot winds and low humidity. The vegetation zero is about 10 ° C and the reduction in growth is sensitive from 15 ° C. The culture of Niora can be practiced on a wide range of soil types. Obviously permeable soils, deep and rich in humus are preferable. The plant is sensitive to salinity.
Varieties, planting and soil work:
Three varieties are used: 'Bola Roja', 'Bola chata' and 'larga'. In the case of an industrial culture, there is the market introduction of two varieties 'Lukus 1' and '2 Lukus' by Compagnie Industrielle Loukkos (CIL). It is the red variety (Lukus 1) who has had the most success. Tillage always begins with deep plowing by the plow disk or moldboard plow. A cover-cropage follows this with 2-3 passages for a superficial work. The BBM lets you draw furrows (for furrow irrigation) and the ridges (for planting). The plants are still from the nursery. These are bowls 2m 2 each, arranged at the edge of the plot. There are 30 m 2 nursery to plant 1 ha. Established in February, breeding nursery lasts 60-70 days. Planting takes place in late April-early May The plants will then have formed 6-8 leaves and about 15 cm high. Adopted spacings are on the order of 60 to 80 cm between rows and 20 to 30 cm between plants. The resulting density ranges from 50 000 to 80 000 plants / ha. High densities are used in sandy soils.
Irrigation:
The conduct of Niora dry is impossible and the use of irrigation is imperative. It is customary to Tadla the planting operation is performed in the presence of an irrigation doses often exceeding 100 mm. On the other hand, most of the crop cycle coincides with the summer, when the water supply in gravity, are the average frequency of 1 times a week. The total water depth is around 1000 mm made. In research on pepper, best yields are obtained when the pressure of water in the soil is kept constant in the range 20-30 cbars.
Fertilization:
When manure is available, intake of 20-40 tonnes / ha is profitable culture. The majority of farmers Tadla brings 14.28.14 fertilizer as background fertilizers, spreading during shallow cultivation, depending on the dose of 200-500 kg / ha, or 28-70 units N, P 56-140 units 2 O 5, 28-70 K 2 O. Cover fertilizer units, it almost always involves either urea (46% / N) or ammonium nitrate (33% N). The frequency of inputs is 2 to 4 times, at doses from January to May quintals / ha for ammonium nitrate and 1-6 quintals / ha for urea.
Crop protection:
Weeds are the first problem the farmer has to face. Hand weeding is the rule. Crown rot caused by Phytophthora capsiciest a serious fungal disease. Mildew is also to fear. Pests such as aphids and cutworms are showing up in the middle of spring. The damage caused by shellfish can be spectacular. Faced with these problems, a range of crop protection products is available (insecticides and fungicides).
Harvesting, processing and packaging:
The harvest is spread out between September and November. The final shape of the fruit did not matter much but it is the dry matter content prevails. Average yields vary from 2 to 5 tons of dry matter per hectare. The interval between two crops is 15 to 20 days. The sale of the production takes place either on foot or on dry land in front, either directly to the dehydration unit (the moisture content in fruits is reduced from 85% to 7%). The processing circuit consists of a pre-drying in the sun, then crushing and separation of seeds from the flesh, followed by grinding and, finally, a last for drying chili is finally ground. The packaging is done either in plastic bags or in cans. The final quality of ground spice depends thereof coloring power. It is often expressed in ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) according to the following standards:
A.S.T.A
|
N° de la qualité
|
• 120
100-110
80 - 100
70-80
|
0
1
2
3
|
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II
Aucun commentaire:
Enregistrer un commentaire